论文摘要：群力外滩湿地是哈尔滨松花江沿线重要湿地之一，对调蓄松花江江洪水、涵养水源、候鸟与湿地多样性保护等具有重要意义，随着哈尔滨经济发展，湿地保护、恢复已刻不容缓。文中在对群力外滩湿地主要生态功能、生态环境问题进行分析评价的基础上，提出了该湿地生态保护的对策。
Abstract: we wetland is one of the important wetlands of Harbin songhua river along the bund, to regulate Jiang Hongshui songhua river, water conservation, migratory birds, and is of great significance for the protection of wetland biodiversity, with Harbin economic development, wetland protection and recovery are imperative. Of we the bund is the wetland ecological functions, ecological environment problems, on the basis of the analysis and evaluation of the wetland ecological protection countermeasures are put forward.
1 引言
1 introduction
湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统，是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。湿地具有抵御洪水、调节气候、涵养水源、净化水体、维持生物的多样性等多种生态功能。在各种类型的生态系统中，湿地生态系统的服务价值最高。
Wetlands and forests, oceans and called the world's three big ecosystem, is one of nature's most rich biological diversity of the ecological landscape and one of the most important living environment of mankind. Wetland has flood control, regulating climate, water conservation, purifying water body, maintaining biodiversity and so on the many kinds of ecological function. In various types of ecosystem, the wetland ecosystem service value of the highest.
群力外滩是哈尔滨市区唯一的自然状态湿地，经过城市不断的向外扩展以及人口的增加，并受人为因素干扰，部分已被开垦为农田，湿地机能遭到严重破坏。为了促进城市健康发展、可持续发展，对该湿地的保护、恢复工作已刻不容缓。
We the bund is the only wetland, the natural state of Harbin city after the city's outward expansion and the increase of population, and interference by human factors, the part has been converted for farmland, serious destruction of wetland function. In order to promote the healthy development of the city, the sustainable development of the wetland protection and recovery, work is urgent.
2 国际经验比较与借鉴
2 the international comparison and draw lessons from experience
2.1 德国莫海姆市湿地保护
2.1 Germany morhaime city wetland protection
他们以“让河流做自己的事”为理念，用更自然化的手段来达到防洪、环境改善、生态修复等多重长效作用。通过重建缓冲带、增设与河道垂直的开口、鼓励小规模泛洪、控制洪水淹没范围等手段，不仅可以培育河滨生境，逐步实现河道半自然化；而且可以减低洪水累计风险，减少洪水危害。该项目由堤防后退1.3km获得2.02km2圩田，作为泛洪用地，并在圩田内开辟了3.5 hm2林地，提升了滞洪空间的景观和休憩价值。
Them to "let the rivers do your own thing" for the idea, with a more natural way to achieve flood control, environmental improvement, ecological restoration and other long-term effects. By rebuilding the buffer zone, adding a vertical opening and channel, to encourage small flood, flood control, not only can cultivate riverside habitat, gradually achieve half of natural river; And can reduce the risk of flooding the cumulative, reduce the flood damage. The project by the embankment back 1.3 km 2.02 km2 WeiTian, as flood land, and has opened up around a WeiTian 3.5 hm2 forest land, enhance the flood detention space landscape value and have a rest.
2.2 安姆斯湖湿地恢复计划
2.2, Amherst, lake, wetland restoration plan
美国圣保罗市的PHALEN购物中心，始建于一个填平的安姆斯湖湖区上。后来，这个购物中心被废弃，圣保罗市政府决定恢复原来的安姆斯湖，重建为湿地公园。规划彻底拆除所有的人工建筑，开辟蓄水盆地和小运河通道，并在其底部填入腐殖质丰富的淤泥层，以构造接近自然状态下的土壤结构。接下来，引入活水，在水体内外栽种多种原生的沉水、浮水、挺水和旱生植物，构筑完整的湿地生态景观。
The Sao Paulo PHALEN shopping center, was founded in a bridge, Amherst, lake, the lake district. Afterwards, this shopping center was abandoned, Sao Paulo, the city government decided to restore the original, Amherst, lake, and reconstruction of wetland park. Planning completely dismantle all the artificial construction, set up water storage basin and small canals, channels, and at the bottom fill in humus rich silt layer, by structure close to the nature of soil structure. Next, the introduction of running water, sink in water inside and outside the plant a variety of native water plants, floating, a water and drought, and build a complete wetland landscape.
通过以上研究，可以得出结论：世界上城市湿地规划设计也逐渐从纯粹的水景规划设计过渡到对湿地系统的设计或改造，重视湿地保护和恢复，尤其重视湿地的生态系统设计。在进行湿地的规划设计时，兼顾美学与生态，把生态学引入到传统规划中，并与其有机结合，经过科学的设计，达到重建生态系统，防灾并兼顾生态良性循环和为城市生活服务的目的。
Through above research, we can draw the conclusion: the world also gradually from a purely urban wetland planning and design of water landscape planning and design to design or modification of wetland system, attach great importance to the protection of wetland and recovery, especially attaches great importance to the wetland ecological system design. The wetland in the planning and design, both aesthetics and ecology, the ecology is introduced into the traditional planning, and instead of organic combination, through scientific design, to achieve reconstruction of ecological system, disaster prevention and ecological benign cycle and the purpose of services for the city life.
3 群力外滩生境分析
3 we bund habitat analysis
群力外滩滩地地势平坦，高程在116.00-120.00m之间，平均高程117.57m，在松33大断面处，高出20年一遇水面线（116.52m）1.05m。该滩地以耕地为主，大部分渔塘也被改为耕地。人工利用土地面积占总面积的74.31%；自然状态下的土地占总面积的25.69%。土地多为当地村民开垦种植，农田基本成片。 对其所在区域的气候条件和土壤状况进行分析，包括温度、水分状况、光照、风等因素，认为该地区现状气候和土壤条件较为优越，适宜动植物的生长，为生物多样性和景观异质性提供了基本保证。
We bund beach flat, elevation between 116.00 to 120.00 m, the average height of 117.57 m, 33 in the big cross section, higher than that of 20 years, once the water line, 1.05 m (116.52 m). On beaches in the arable land is given priority to, most of the fish pond had been changed to arable land. Human use of land area accounted for 74.31% of total area; Land accounts for 25.69% of the total area under the natural state. Land reclamation planting to local villagers, more basic farmland. On their regional climate conditions and soil conditions is analyzed, including factors such as temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind, think present situation in the region climate and soil conditions is relatively superior, suitable for the growth of plants and animals, for biodiversity and landscape heterogeneity provides a basic guarantee.
经过分析，可知：由于湿地基本条件缺乏，现状原生湿地植物遭到较为严重的破坏。现状较大面积的田地上主要是农作物，其余植被以草甸植被为主。一些撂荒地已经开始向自然植被演替，主要为田间杂草（占植被总面积的50%以上）；在比较低湿的地方分布有沼泽植被，面积占5%左右。群力外滩的夏季常见鸟类中，除大量的鹭类及常见的麻雀、家燕之外，其余鸟类遇见率均较低。 论文关键词：湿地；生态；景观；生境
After analysis, shows that owing to shortage of wetland basic conditions, status quo of native wetland plants were more serious damage. On a rather of large-area field mainly crops and other vegetation in a meadow vegetation. Some abandoned land has begun to natural vegetation succession, mainly for the field weed (more than 50% of the total area of vegetation); At relatively low humidity distribution are swamp vegetation, the area is about 5%. We the bund common birds in the summer, in addition to a large number of umbrette and common sparrow, barn swallows, the rest of the bird met rate are low. Paper keywords: wetland; Ecology; Landscape; habitat
论文摘要：群力外滩湿地是哈尔滨松花江沿线重要湿地之一，对调蓄松花江江洪水、涵养水源、候鸟与湿地多样性保护等具有重要意义，随着哈尔滨经济发展，湿地保护、恢复已刻不容缓。文中在对群力外滩湿地主要生态功能、生态环境问题进行分析评价的基础上，提出了该湿地生态保护的对策。
Abstract: we wetland is one of the important wetlands of Harbin songhua river along the bund, to regulate Jiang Hongshui songhua river, water conservation, migratory birds, and is of great significance for the protection of wetland biodiversity, with Harbin economic development, wetland protection and recovery are imperative. Of we the bund is the wetland ecological functions, ecological environment problems, on the basis of the analysis and evaluation of the wetland ecological protection countermeasures are put forward.
1 引言
1 introduction
湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统，是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。湿地具有抵御洪水、调节气候、涵养水源、净化水体、维持生物的多样性等多种生态功能。在各种类型的生态系统中，湿地生态系统的服务价值最高。
Wetlands and forests, oceans and called the world's three big ecosystem, is one of nature's most rich biological diversity of the ecological landscape and one of the most important living environment of mankind. Wetland has flood control, regulating climate, water conservation, purifying water body, maintaining biodiversity and so on the many kinds of ecological function. In various types of ecosystem, the wetland ecosystem service value of the highest.
群力外滩是哈尔滨市区唯一的自然状态湿地，经过城市不断的向外扩展以及人口的增加，并受人为因素干扰，部分已被开垦为农田，湿地机能遭到严重破坏。为了促进城市健康发展、可持续发展，对该湿地的保护、恢复工作已刻不容缓。
We the bund is the only wetland, the natural state of Harbin city after the city's outward expansion and the increase of population, and interference by human factors, the part has been converted for farmland, serious destruction of wetland function. In order to promote the healthy development of the city, the sustainable development of the wetland protection and recovery, work is urgent.
2 国际经验比较与借鉴
2 the international comparison and draw lessons from experience
2.1 德国莫海姆市湿地保护
2.1 Germany morhaime city wetland protection
他们以“让河流做自己的事”为理念，用更自然化的手段来达到防洪、环境改善、生态修复等多重长效作用。通过重建缓冲带、增设与河道垂直的开口、鼓励小规模泛洪、控制洪水淹没范围等手段，不仅可以培育河滨生境，逐步实现河道半自然化；而且可以减低洪水累计风险，减少洪水危害。该项目由堤防后退1.3km获得2.02km2圩田，作为泛洪用地，并在圩田内开辟了3.5 hm2林地，提升了滞洪空间的景观和休憩价值。
Them to "let the rivers do your own thing" for the idea, with a more natural way to achieve flood control, environmental improvement, ecological restoration and other long-term effects. By rebuilding the buffer zone, adding a vertical opening and channel, to encourage small flood, flood control, not only can cultivate riverside habitat, gradually achieve half of natural river; And can reduce the risk of flooding the cumulative, reduce the flood damage. The project by the embankment back 1.3 km 2.02 km2 WeiTian, as flood land, and has opened up around a WeiTian 3.5 hm2 forest land, enhance the flood detention space landscape value and have a rest.
2.2 安姆斯湖湿地恢复计划
2.2, Amherst, lake, wetland restoration plan
美国圣保罗市的PHALEN购物中心，始建于一个填平的安姆斯湖湖区上。后来，这个购物中心被废弃，圣保罗市政府决定恢复原来的安姆斯湖，重建为湿地公园。规划彻底拆除所有的人工建筑，开辟蓄水盆地和小运河通道，并在其底部填入腐殖质丰富的淤泥层，以构造接近自然状态下的土壤结构。接下来，引入活水，在水体内外栽种多种原生的沉水、浮水、挺水和旱生植物，构筑完整的湿地生态景观。
The Sao Paulo PHALEN shopping center, was founded in a bridge, Amherst, lake, the lake district. Afterwards, this shopping center was abandoned, Sao Paulo, the city government decided to restore the original, Amherst, lake, and reconstruction of wetland park. Planning completely dismantle all the artificial construction, set up water storage basin and small canals, channels, and at the bottom fill in humus rich silt layer, by structure close to the nature of soil structure. Next, the introduction of running water, sink in water inside and outside the plant a variety of native water plants, floating, a water and drought, and build a complete wetland landscape.
通过以上研究，可以得出结论：世界上城市湿地规划设计也逐渐从纯粹的水景规划设计过渡到对湿地系统的设计或改造，重视湿地保护和恢复，尤其重视湿地的生态系统设计。在进行湿地的规划设计时，兼顾美学与生态，把生态学引入到传统规划中，并与其有机结合，经过科学的设计，达到重建生态系统，防灾并兼顾生态良性循环和为城市生活服务的目的。
Through above research, we can draw the conclusion: the world also gradually from a purely urban wetland planning and design of water landscape planning and design to design or modification of wetland system, attach great importance to the protection of wetland and recovery, especially attaches great importance to the wetland ecological system design. The wetland in the planning and design, both aesthetics and ecology, the ecology is introduced into the traditional planning, and instead of organic combination, through scientific design, to achieve reconstruction of ecological system, disaster prevention and ecological benign cycle and the purpose of services for the city life.
3 群力外滩生境分析
3 we bund habitat analysis
群力外滩滩地地势平坦，高程在116.00-120.00m之间，平均高程117.57m，在松33大断面处，高出20年一遇水面线（116.52m）1.05m。该滩地以耕地为主，大部分渔塘也被改为耕地。人工利用土地面积占总面积的74.31%；自然状态下的土地占总面积的25.69%。土地多为当地村民开垦种植，农田基本成片。 对其所在区域的气候条件和土壤状况进行分析，包括温度、水分状况、光照、风等因素，认为该地区现状气候和土壤条件较为优越，适宜动植物的生长，为生物多样性和景观异质性提供了基本保证。
We bund beach flat, elevation between 116.00 to 120.00 m, the average height of 117.57 m, 33 in the big cross section, higher than that of 20 years, once the water line, 1.05 m (116.52 m). On beaches in the arable land is given priority to, most of the fish pond had been changed to arable land. Human use of land area accounted for 74.31% of total area; Land accounts for 25.69% of the total area under the natural state. Land reclamation planting to local villagers, more basic farmland. On their regional climate conditions and soil conditions is analyzed, including factors such as temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind, think present situation in the region climate and soil conditions is relatively superior, suitable for the growth of plants and animals, for biodiversity and landscape heterogeneity provides a basic guarantee.
经过分析，可知：由于湿地基本条件缺乏，现状原生湿地植物遭到较为严重的破坏。现状较大面积的田地上主要是农作物，其余植被以草甸植被为主。一些撂荒地已经开始向自然植被演替，主要为田间杂草（占植被总面积的50%以上）；在比较低湿的地方分布有沼泽植被，面积占5%左右。群力外滩的夏季常见鸟类中，除大量的鹭类及常见的麻雀、家燕之外，其余鸟类遇见率均较低。
After analysis, shows that owing to shortage of wetland basic conditions, status quo of native wetland plants were more serious damage. On a rather of large-area field mainly crops and other vegetation in a meadow vegetation. Some abandoned land has begun to natural vegetation succession, mainly for the field weed (more than 50% of the total area of vegetation); At relatively low humidity distribution are swamp vegetation, the area is about 5%. We the bund common birds in the summer, in addition to a large number of umbrette and common sparrow, barn swallows, the rest of the bird met rate are low.
4 群力外滩湿地生态保护
4 we bund wetland ecological protection
自然生态系统具有净化能力，能够在一定程度上处理尘埃、污染和废水。考虑减少风沙侵蚀、水土流失和噪音、并减少能量的消耗。规划中需要在遵循生态规律的基础上对植被进行合理的恢复。该湿地保护和利用基于以下几方面原则：①生物多样性与主导性原则；②群落配置层次性原则；③生态系统稳定性原则；④经济合理性原则；④可持续发展的原则。其生态修复的主要方法包括：重建、改良、改进、修补、更新和再植。
Natural ecosystems have purification ability, can to some extent, dust, pollution and wastewater treatment. Consider reducing sand erosion, soil and water loss and noise, and reduce the consumption of energy. Planning needs to follow the ecological law of vegetation on the basis of reasonable recovery. The wetland protection and utilization principle based on the following aspects: (1) biodiversity and dominant principle; (2) the community configuration hierarchy principle; (3) principle of ecological system stability; (4) economic rationality principle; (4) the principle of sustainable development. The main methods include: ecological restoration reconstruction, improve, improve, repair, update, and replantation.
4.1 基质和土壤恢复
4.1 the matrix and soil restoration
调查研究表明，群力外滩地区土壤类型以草甸土为主，由于水土流失严重，该地区的土壤基质需要恢复，运用生态学的改良、改进、更新的手法对该地区的土壤基质进行恢复，根据现状调研分析，选择若干区域土壤条件好的，进行改良，无法恢复的板结土壤通过更新的手法进行恢复，主要是从其他地方搬运一些湿地土壤来恢复该地区土壤基质。
Survey research shows that we the bund area soil type is given priority to with meadow soil, due to serious soil erosion, soil matrix needs to be restored in the region, using ecological improvement, improve, update methods in the area of soil matrix for recovery, according to current situation survey analysis, choosing some regional soil conditions, improved, cannot recover harden soil by updating technique for recovery, mainly handling some wetland soil from other places to restore the region soil matrix.
4.2 水体环境的培育
4.2 cultivate of the aquatic environment
规划中重视水体、绿化的有机结合，引入活水，将部分水体加以串联，形成整体水循环，增加土壤的含水性能，保证生态的连续性,该地区生态系统融入区域生态系统之中，为水生动物提供良好的栖息环境，为植物提供良好的生长环境，河道之间、绿脉相连，形成“河畅、水清、岸绿、景美”，形成良好的景观环境品质。
Planning attaches great importance to the organic combination of water, greening, water introduces, will be part of the water body series, form the whole water cycle, increase the soil water properties, to ensure the continuity of the ecological incorporated in the regional ecological system, ecological system in the region provide a good habitat for aquatic animals, provide a good growing environment for plant, river, green between arteries and veins is linked together, forming "chang river, clear water, green, landscape beauty", to form a good landscape environment quality.
4.3 生物的修复和培育
4.3 biological repair and cultivation
野生动物微生物培育：湿地的植被必须体现生物多样性，不仅需要满足水生动物和其他野生动物，尤其是水涉禽的需求，而且必须在美学上具有吸引力。在保护现状生物和环境基础的同时，为了引进动物，在原来弃耕水田的基础上，规划了贫营养型和富营养型水池数个。在新建的水池中，为了动物的生息，使用了松木桩，留有弯岔、小岛等。除利用现有水渠外，还新建和扩建了一些水渠。栈桥和平台都选用了耐腐材料，为防止对水生生物的影响，一律不使用防腐剂。混凝土构筑物可能对周围的土壤、水、生物产生影响，一般都用木结构。
Microbial wild animal breeding, wetland vegetation must reflect the biological diversity, not only need to satisfy the aquatic animals and other wildlife, especially wader water demand, and must be the aesthetically attractive. In the status quo biological and environmental protection at the same time, in order to introduce the animals, in the original QiGeng paddy field, on the basis of planning the hyd-rodictyon reticulatum and rich nutrient pool several. In the new sink, in order to live animals, pine wood, with curved bifurcation, island, etc. In addition to use of the existing channel, some construction and expansion of the canal. Pier and platforms are chose corrosion materials, to prevent impact on aquatic life, don't use preservatives. Concrete structures may affect the surrounding soil, water, biological, generally use wood.
湿地植被培育：主要是湿地植物种类的植入和人为辅助的自然修复；保持植被的完整性和异质性（或称多样性）。适当构建一些地表较高、水位较低的生境，在这些新的生境中种植乔木、灌木等中生植物，以提高生物多样性；保持植被的连通性；建立树木廊道；草本植物物种源的本地优先原则：培育大面积的芦竹群落、低湿的香蒲、苔草等，并采用能自我维持的乡土植物，如野生结缕草、狗牙根等；适当地运用树木的快速构建原则；丰富仅存的山林季相景观，增加植物景观层次；根据生态规律配置湿生群落，尽量演替到稳定阶段群落的种类；尽量减少园林植物种类的应用，保持湿地的自然特性；大大增加树木的比例。因为树木是许多生物（特别是鸟类）的栖息地和隐蔽所。
Wetland vegetation cultivation: mainly implantation of wetland plant species and artificial auxiliary natural repair; Maintain the integrity of the vegetation and heterogeneity (or diversity). Build some appropriate surface, high water level lower habitat, in these new habitat in planting trees, shrubs, plants, in order to improve the biodiversity; Maintain the connectivity of vegetation; Set up trees corridor; Herb species source local priority principle: the cultivation of large areas of bamboo reed community, low humidity cattail, moss grass, etc., and use can be self-sustaining native plants, such as wild zoysia, cynodon dactylon and so on; Appropriate use of trees to quickly build principle; Rich remaining forest landscape season, increasing plant landscape level; According to ecological rule configuration hygrophilous community, succession to stable stage of community species as far as possible; Minimize the application of landscape plant species, to maintain wetland nature; Greatly increase the proportion of trees. Because the trees are the natural habitat of many organisms (especially birds) and harbour.
湿地植被物种选择：要满足湿地以上提出的对植被功能的需求，植物物种选择和配置必须根据湿地建设的进程，即不同阶段，而有所侧重的变化。第一，种植的多样性可以抵消种植的失败。第二，多样化的植物群落可以更适应条件的变化和随机事件的发生（例如暴风、水淹等）。第三，植物群落的式样化可以支持野生物物种的多样化。根据湿地建设的进程，即不同阶段和不同功能需求，提出不同的阶段性的植物名录。例如，目前只是湿地修复阶段，即复绿阶段，除了本地现有的物种，基本都是草本植物，增加适合在本地生长的木本植物种类。随着时间推移，引鸟功能的增加，增加水生/野生动物，尤其是水涉禽的适生植物种类。随着时间推移，生态旅游的开展，增加景观植物物种。为此把各类适合群力外滩生长的工程物种分为四类，即：本土植物、复绿适生植物、对水生与野生动物具有价值的适生植物以及景观植物。
Wetland vegetation species choice: to meet the demand for vegetation features wetlands above suggest that plant species selection and configuration must be according to the course of the construction of wetland, the different stages, and have some changes. First, the failure of the plant diversity can offset. Second, diversity of plant communities can more adapt to changes in the conditions and random events (e.g., storm, flood, etc.). Third, patterns of plant communities can support the diversity of wildlife species. According to the course of the construction of wetland, the different stages and different functional requirements, list of different phases of plants is put forward. Just wetland restoration at present stage, for example, the complex green stage, in addition to the existing local species, basic it is herbs, increase of woody plant species suitable for local growth. Increased over time, the lead bird function, increase the aquatic/wild animals, especially water wader suitable plant species. As time goes by, the development of ecological tourism, increase the species of landscape plants. For the various species is suitable for the project we bund growth is divided into four categories, namely: the native plants, and green plants, to aquatic with wild animals has the value of the suitable plants and landscape plants.
5 结束语
5 conclusion
由于湿地系统在生态上具有重要的调节作用，故生态思想成为其规划的一条主线，始终贯穿其全过程，生态学的方法成为城市湿地保护不可忽视的手段，纵观城市湿地保护与开发，都是根据恢复生态学的基本原理，对自然生态系统的修复和重建，概括起来，主要体现以下几个方面的思想内容：崇尚生态、自然，让城市湿地恢复到自然状态；将自然生态系统作为湿地复合生态系统的主要组成部分；强调人工环境和自然环境相协调。规划师进行规划设计时，应充分考虑生态方面的内容，做到美学与生态兼顾，使自然与人类生活环境有良好的结合点，使人与自然达到和谐。
Because wetland system has an important regulating role in the ecology, so ecological thought as a main line, their planning throughout the whole process, ecology method become a significant means of urban wetland protection in urban wetland protection and development, are based on the basic principle of restoration ecology, restoration and reconstruction of natural ecosystem, in summary, mainly embodies the following aspects: ideological content advocate ecological, natural, let the city wetland restoration to the state of nature; The natural ecological system as the main part of wetland compound ecological system; Emphasizing the artificial environment and natural environment in harmony. Planner during planning and design, ecological aspects should be considered, and the aesthetic and ecological balance, make the nature and the human living environment has the good combining site, to achieve harmony between human and nature.
